Method and apparatus for detecting conception in animals

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides antibodies which specifically bind early conception factor, which can be found in body fluids of animals including but not limited to the cow, cat, dog, horse, human, sheep, and pig. The invention provides methods for detecting conception or the absence of conception in an animal, the latter being recognized by the absence of early conception factor in a suitable body fluid collected from the animal. Apparati for detecting early conception factor in a body fluid from an animal comprising the antibodies which specifically bind early conception factor are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/895,576, filed Jul. 21, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,034,120, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/764,826, filed Jan. 17,2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,324), which is a continuation ofInternational Application No. PCT/US99/02331, filed Feb. 2, 1999, whichis a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/016,995, filed Feb. 2,1998, now abandoned which applications are hereby incorporated by thisreference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of detecting conception and/orimplantation in animals, including humans, and apparati therefor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

It has been a long-sought goal of physicians and veterinarians to havereliable diagnostic markers for conception, implantation and viablepregnancies, to help manage treatment of infertility and early pregnancytreatment. In humans, early pregnancy diagnosis based on placentalprotein markers is only routinely relied upon at 4 weeks afterconception, and ultrasonic analysis is only reliably positive at 7–8weeks gestation.

In the livestock industry, it is important to be able to identifyanimals that have not successfully conceived following breeding. Forexample, in the cattle industry at the present time, there is no way toidentify such animals before 35–40 days after breeding, and theidentification must be made by a veterinarian using palpation.Alternatively, ultrasound analysis can detect a developing embryo at 21days. Veterinarian palpation is by far the most commonly used method,costing approximately $4 to $10 per test. The cost for an ultrasoundanalysis is prohibitive for routine farm management. In addition to thecosts of these tests, the farmer suffers an additional and significantfinancial loss in having cows that have been bred but have notconceived, also referred to as “open” cows. The “open” cow costs thefarmer an additional $4 to $10 dollars per day. The better milkproducers are the hardest cows to breed, so while they are “open” theloss is even greater. Less than 50% of cows conceive on the firstbreeding. Due to this fact, the usual breeding program allows for 2½semen straws per cow. If the time interval during which a cow is “open”can be shortened to days instead of months, this would substantiallyincrease the overall calving rates.

A factor, named early pregnancy factor (EPF) or more recentlyimmunosuppressive early pregnancy factor (ISEPF), has been detected inanimals using a bioassay, and it is thought to be responsible forsuppressing the maternal immune response against the embryo/fetus.Despite the demonstration of the activity through a bioassay, theliterature presents several different MW forms for ISEPF. In mice,Clarke et al. (Clin Exp. Immunol. 32:318, 1978) reported an EPF ofapproximately 180,000 kD. In sheep, Clarke et al (J. Reprod. Immunol.1980 Vol. 2:151) described the existence of multiple forms of EPF,including 20 kD, 50 kD, and 250–350 kD forms. In a 1987 paper from thesame laboratory, Clarke et al describe the purification of a 12 kD EPFfrom the placenta of 12 weeks pregnant sheep (J. Reprod. Immunol. 198710:133–156). Cavanaugh described the purification of a 21 kD EPF fromcultured ovaries and oviducts of mice, which is composed of threesubunits, 10.5, 7.2 and 3.4 kD in size (J. Reprod. Fertil. 71:581,1984). The factor has most recently been described as a glycoprotein ofhigh molecular weight (Threlfall, 1993), but prior to this invention, afunctionally pure preparation was not known.

An indirect bioassay for the ISEPF utilizes an in vitro, rosetteinhibition assay described by Bach and Antoine (Nature 217:658 1968),which measures the ability of ISEPF to enhance the inhibition of rosetteformation between T cells and heterologous erythrocytes induced byanti-lymphocyte serum (ALS). Both molecular weight components must bepresent to detect ISEPF in the rosette assay. It has been postulatedthat the ALS sterically hinders the binding of the erythrocytes in theassay; ISEPF enhances the inhibition by saturating some binding sites onthe lymphocytes (Smart, YC et al., Fertil. & Steril. 35: 397, 1981).ISEPF has been found in the mouse (Morton et al., Nature 249:459 1974),rat (Heywood, LH et al. Australian Soc. for Reprod. Biol. 1979), human(Morton, H. et al., Lancet 394 1977), sheep (Morton, H. et al. Res. inVet. Sci. 26:261 1979), pig (Grewal, AS et al. Australian Soc. forReprod. Biol. 1981), and cattle (Nancarrow et al. J. Reprod. & Fert.57:385 1979). Noonan et al (Nature 278:629 and 649 1979) have describedISEPF as species non-specific.

Given the appearance of ISEPF very soon after mating, it is possiblethat ISEPF could be an excellent early marker for conception in animals.However, the rosette inhibition assay is technically difficult toperform, time-consuming, cumbersome and subject to numerousfalse-positive readings (Sinosich et al., 1985). To develop an ISEPFassay that is reproducible and not subject to a large number offalse-positive signals, a substantially pure preparation of ISEPF isrequired. Prior to this invention, no protocols for the completepurification of a high molecular weight ISEPF have been reported.

There remains a need for a reliable assay to detect pregnancy as earlyas possible after conception and further to detect spontaneous abortion.

There is a need to be able to breed animals and determine, within 12–48hours, whether the breeding has resulted in conception. In cattle, as anexample, such non-conceiving cows could be recycled with injections ofprostaglandin and inseminated again without the loss of thirty days.There is further a need to be able to enhance the ability of elite cowsto implant at a higher rate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a purified factor, herein referred to asthe “early conception factor” or ECF, antibodies specific for ECF, andkits and apparatuses for detecting the presence or absence of ECF influid or tissue samples taken from animals. Methods for detectingconception within 12–48 hours of breeding/mating are described. Methodsfor detecting fetal death following conception and implantation are alsoprovided. Means for enhancing embryonic implantation utilizing the ISEPFand the anti-ISEPF antibodies of this invention are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic of the support of the present invention,showing 1) a support on which a sample containing ECF has been analyzed(“ECF-positive”) and 2) a support on which a sample not containing ECFhas been analyzed (“ECF-negative”); “T”marks the location of a band oftest, or anti-ECF, antibodies; “C” marks the location of a band ofcontrol antibodies.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a body in contact with a support of the presentinvention, shown in both the open and closed positions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

As used herein, “conception” can be used interchangeably with“fertilization.”

As used herein, “a” can mean one or more than one.

As used herein, “purified” refers to a protein (polypeptide, peptide,etc.) that is sufficiently free of contaminants or cell components withwhich it normally occurs to distinguish it from the contaminants orother components of its natural environment. The purified protein can behomogenous, but need not be homogeneous. It must be sufficiently free ofcontaminants to be useful in a clinical or research setting, forexample, in an assay for detecting antibodies to the protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides antibodies that specifically bind topurified ECF. The antibodies can be specifically reactive with a uniqueepitope of the antigen or they can also react with epitopes of otherorganisms. The term “bind” means capable of reacting or otherwiseassociating nonrandomly with an antigen. “Specifically bind”,“specifically react with” or “specifically against” describe an antibodyor other ligand that does not cross react substantially with any antigenother than the one specified, in this case, the purified ECF.

Preferably, the purified ECF has a molecular weight between 190,000 and205,000 as measured by denaturing gel electrophoresis in a 4–15%gradient polyacrylamide gel, with appropriate MW standards including20,000, 144,000 and 208,000 [Amersham Polyacryl® standards]. Theglycoprotein ECF is obtained through an initial purification step thatremoves all non-glycoproteins. This step can be perchloric acidextraction. The resulting glycoprotein fraction can be used as describedherein to produce antibodies and to treat animals, including humans. TheECF may be further purified by ion exchange chromatography, and furtheragain by column chromatography, resulting in Fractions A1, A2, and B, asdescribed in Example 1. These fractions are combined to produce afurther purified ECF. ECF purified by one or more of the steps describedin Example 1, and Fractions A1, A2 and B thereof, can be obtained fromcows, cats, dogs, humans, horses, sheep and pigs.

The present invention provides antibodies that can recognize and bindECF from cows, cats, dogs, humans, horses, sheep and pigs. The presentantibodies can be of any isotype, e.g. IgG, IgM, or IgA types, from anyanimal, and they can be polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, fully humanor chimeric. The antibodies can be monovalent or divalent single chainantibodies. As contemplated herein, the antibody includes any ligandwhich binds the ECF, for example, an intact antibody, a fragment of anantibody or another reagent that has reactivity with the antigen.Antibodies raised against ECF from one species can be used to recognizeand bind ECF from other species. Optimization of interspeciesantigen-antibody reactions is performed according to protocols known inthe art, including optimization of the ratio of antibody-antigen and theblocking proteins used to enhance specificity. Preferably, antibodiesraised to the ECF from a given species are used to recognize and bindECF from the same species.

The present invention provides a method of detecting the glycoproteinECF using antibodies, by contacting a fluid or tissue sample from thesubject with an amount of anti-ECF antibody specifically reactive withECF, and detecting the reaction. It is contemplated that ECF can bedetected in an intact form in the sample, or as fragments. The fluidsample of this method can comprise any body fluid which would containECF or a cell containing ECF, such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva andurine. Other possible examples of body fluids include sputum, mucus,gastric juice and the like. One method effective for the detection ofECF can, for example, be as follows: (1) bind the anti-ECF antibody to asupport; (2) contact the bound antibody with a fluid or tissue samplecontaining ECF; (3) contact the above with a secondary antibody bound toa detectable moiety (e.g., horseradish peroxidase enzyme or alkalinephosphatase enzyme); (4) contact the above with the substrate for theenzyme; (5) contact the above with a color reagent; (6) observe colorchange. In a specific embodiment, washing steps are included between oneor more of the steps listed above. The detectable moiety will allowvisual detection of a precipitate or a color change, visual detection bymicroscopy, or automated detection by spectrometry, radiometricmeasurement or the like. Examples of detectable moieties includefluorescein and rhodamine (for fluorescence microscopy), horseradishperoxidase (for either light or electron microscopy and biochemicaldetection), biotin-streptavidin (for light or electron microscopy),colloidal gold (for precipitate formation) and alkaline phosphatase (forbiochemical detection by color change). The detection methods andmoieties used can be selected, for example, from the list above or othersuitable examples by the standard criteria applied to such selections(James W. Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice,Academic Press, 1983; and Harlow and Lane, Antibodies; A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988).

A specific embodiment of this invention for detecting ECF involves theuse of a “dipstick” assay in which a strip (the “dipstick”) is preparedwith anti-ECF antibodies immobilized on the strip in a sharp band at alocation spatially separated from the location for loading sample. Atthe sample loading location, anti-ECF antibodies labeled with adetectable moiety are deposited. Then, a) a test fluid is added to thesample loading pad; b) the ECF in the test fluid binds to the anti-ECFantibodies, and this complex is wicked along the strip by capillary flowuntil it contacts the immobilized anti-ISEPF antibody band; and c)ECF:anti-ECF antibody complexes are concentrated at the band, allowingvisualization of the detectable moiety, by any of the methods describedabove. In a further embodiment of this invention, a second band ofantibodies can be immobilized on the strip, on the side distal to thesample loading band. The antibodies of this second band are chosen torecognize the immunoglobulin of the animal in which the anti-ECFantibodies were produced, e.g. anti-goat IgG. This second band serves asan internal, positive control for the dipstick assay to demonstrate thatthe dipstick is working properly. The amount of anti-ISEPF antibodiesimmobilized at the first band is controlled so that enough ECF:anti-ECFantibody complex will move through the first band location to contactthe anti-goat IgG antibodies.

The present invention provides a method of detecting conception orimplantation in an animal comprising detecting the presence of ECF insamples taken from a mated female animal. The type of sample taken willdepend on the species of animal being tested, but serum, urine or milksamples are preferred. Saliva and vaginal secretions can also be used.The sample can be used without further processing or it can be processedby dilution in a fluid, such as a blocking solution to limitnon-specific binding. Examples of blocking solutions include SeaBlock(East Coast Biologicals, New Brerwich, Me.) mixed with 1% newborn calfserum and 10 mM Tris with 2% Tween-20.

The present invention further provides a method for detecting theabsence of conception in an animal within 12–48 hours of matingcomprising determining the presence or absence of ECF, the absence ofECF indicating the absence of conception.

The present invention provides methods for detecting spontaneousabortions in pregnant animals by monitoring the level of ECF aftermating, e.g. from less than one day to 48 days. Preferably, the levelsof ECF are monitored periodically following conception and/orimplantation. In humans, such monitoring can also be used to minimizethe use of abortion-inducing drugs, e.g. RU-486, by indicating whetherconception and implantation have occurred following mating.

The present invention can be used to enhance the likelihood ofimplantation or conception in animals, including humans, and to minimizethe chances for abortion. Low levels of ECF are correlated with a lowerlikelihood of conception or implantation, while higher ECF levels are agood predictor of a high likelihood of conception, implantation andmaintained pregnancy. Thus, animals could be provided with additionalECF, most likely through intravenous administration, to bring theirlevels of ECF into the appropriate ranges for conception, implantationand pregnancy maintenance.

The present invention provides apparati for use in detecting thepresence of ECF comprising a support on which antibodies to ECF arepresent. In one embodiment (FIG. 1), the support (1) comprises a stripmade of material along which fluid can flow. At one end of the strip,sample fluid is introduced, and the fluid flows along the support andcontacts antibodies to ECF. In a specific embodiment, a wicking aid (2),such as Whatman CHO-17, is attached to the non-sample end of the stripto enhance fluid flow. In a specific embodiment, the location for sampleintroduction includes an absorbent pad (3), which can be made of a glassfiber material, Whatman FO-75, or any other suitable material.

The present invention provides apparati for use in detecting thepresence of ECF comprising a body in contact with a support on whichantibodies to ECF are present. The body can be made from different typesof materials, e.g plastic, metal, or cardboard, and it can be of anyshape that will accommodate the support. A specific embodiment (FIG. 2)of the body (4) is a football-shaped compact, 4 to 10 cm long, hinged atone end, with guides (5) to secure the support and one opening (6) forintroduction of the sample and another opening (7) for viewing theantibody-antigen reaction. Another specific embodiment is arectangularly shaped box with a bottom and top, (2–3)×(4–10) cm. Thesupport can be any material to which antibodies can be bound. Differenttypes of antibodies may bind better to one support than another, as iswell understood in the art. As an example, IgA monoclonal antibodies donot bind well to most membranes. Nevertheless, having determined amethod for accomplishing this, the present invention can utilize IgAantibodies.

In one embodiment of the apparatus, the antibodies to ECF are monoclonalIgAs, and the sample pad is a glass fiber material. In a specificembodiment, the absorbent sample pad is made from Whatman FO-75. In aspecific embodiment of the apparatus, the antibodies to ECF arepolyclonal, and the support is a 5 micron nitrocellulose membrane. In aspecific embodiment, the nitrocellulose membrane is Whatman 5 μM. Othermembranes, currently available or later developed, can also be used. Theabsorbent sample pad and any wicking aid can be disposed atop thesupport material, for example the nitrocellulose membrane.Alternatively, the absorbent sample pad and a wicking aid can be placedso that their ends abut the ends of the support, such as thenitrocellulose membrane.

In one embodiment of the apparatus, the support will have anti-ECFantibodies placed at two, spatially separated locations. A fluidcontaining the test sample from an animal is introduced to the support,and the support wicks the fluid so that it first contacts the locationon the support where labeled antibodies have been deposited, and thencontinues to wick along the support to contact the second locationwherein antibodies are bound. Anti-ECF polyclonal antibodies can be usedat both locations, or any combination of anti-ECF monoclonal andpolyclonal antibodies at the two locations can be used. For example,labeled anti-ECF monoclonal antibodies are placed at one location on thesupport, anti-ECF polyclonal antibodies are bound to another location,and the test sample is introduced at the location wherein the monoclonalantibodies have been placed. In another embodiment, labeled anti-ECFpolyclonal antibodies are placed at the location where the sample isintroduced, and anti-ECF monoclonal antibodies are immobilized at thesecond location. Anti-ECF monoclonal antibodies recognizing differentepitopes can be used at both locations.

The apparatus can further include means for directing thesample-containing fluid to the chosen location on the support. In afurther embodiment, a blocking solution, as described herein, can beadded after the sample is placed on the support.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. Thedisclosures of these publications in their entireties are herebyincorporated by reference into this application in order to more fullydescribe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Purification of ECF

Serum was collected from cows at 12–48 hours after breeding in volumesgreater than 250 ml and frozen until pregnancy was confirmed in 45 days.When serum was approved for ECF extraction, through confirmation ofpregnancy by other means, it was thawed at room temperature. Equalvolumes of a dilute perchloric acid solution (70% perchloric aciddiluted in a ratio of 1 ml per 50 ml distilled water) and serum weremixed using a magnetic stirrer. The mixture was kept in an ice bath withconstant stirring for 1 hour. The mixture was then centrifuged for 30minutes at 2000 g using a refrigerated centrifuge. The resultingsupernatant was dialyzed for 72 hours against distilled water, thenchecked for the presence of ECF by immunological documentation.

Dialyzed supernatant, buffered to pH 7.4 with sodium phosphates,containing ECF was further purified using a highly purified cellulosepowder containing diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) exchange groups equilibratedin 0.025M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The non-absorbed fraction fromthe DEAE powder was collected as Fraction A. The material in thesupernatant that bound to the DEAE column was eluted using 0.05M SodiumPhosphate, 0.9% sodium chloride pH 7.4 and collected as Fraction B.Fractions A and B were each dialyzed against distilled water.

Fraction A was then further purified by passing it over a Sepharose 4Bwith 0.05M Tris HCL buffer pH 7.4, and collecting two peaks, labeledFraction A1 and Fraction A2, which were then recombined to reconstituteFraction A.

The two ECF fractions, A (reconstituted as above) and B, and acombination of equal milligrams of Fractions A and B, were each dilutedto 1 milligram per ml in normal saline. These three preparations wereused to immunize three separate graded goats for the production ofantibodies. The three goats' antiserum was tested against each of thethree immunizing preparations. For example, Goat No. 20, which wasimmunized with the combination of Fraction A and Fraction B, showedstrong immunological reactivity against all three of the immunizingantigens.

Example 2 Production of Anti-ECF Polyclonal Antibodies

Graded goats were immunized with the purified ECF fractions A and B fromExample 1, which were combined and diluted to 1 mg/ml.

Eight primary injections of antigen using Freund's complete adjuvantwere given to each goat. A typical immunizing antigen preparationcontained 20 ml of reconstituted Fraction A and Fraction B (bothprepared as described in Example 1) at 1 mg/ml and 20 milliters ofFreund's Complete Adjuvant. Two (2) milliters of this preparation wereremoved and homogenized to less than 1 milliter which was then injectedinto the muscle of the goat. Injections were given twice a week, threedays apart. Eight days following the eighth injection, the goats werebled and the antibodies harvested from the blood. The antibodies weretested for activity against purified ECF. Those animals that testedpositive were subsequently given monthly booster injections, and werebled eight days after each booster injection to provide a steady supplyof antiserum.

To increase the specificity of the antiserum so produced, each serumcollection was absorbed with pooled normal human serum and serum fromnon-immunized cows until no lines were visible in Ouchterlony GelDiffusion studies. This pre-absorbed antiserum was further purifiedusing sodium sulfate fractionation. The resulting antibody preparationswere then used for the development of a hemagglutination-inhibitionassay and an enzyme immunoassay. The antibodies were also furtherpurified using a Procept A (Bioprocessing Ltd., Durham, United Kingdom)chromatographic column, eluted with phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4,and these antibodies were used in the dip-stick assay.

Example 3 Production of Anti-ECF Monoclonal Antibodies

Balb C mice were used for immunization using the immunizing preparationsdescribed in Example 2. The same immunization schedule as used for thegoats was followed for the mice, except that two days following the lastinjection, the fusion of the mouse spleen cells with SP2/0-Ag melanomacells (available from American Type Culture Collection) using 30%polyethyleneglycol in RPMI 1640 medium was performed. Standardmaintenance of hybridoma cells in hypoxanthine, aminopterin, andthymidine (HAT)-containing medium was followed (Goding, 1983; and Harlowand Lane, 1988). The antibody producing cells with the strongest titerwere identified using hemagglutination procedures with red blood cellsthat were coated with ECF, prepared following standard procedures knownin the art.

Selected hybridoma cells were propagated for the production ofmonoclonal antibodies. Cloning of a specific hybridoma cell line wasdone by limiting dilution in fluid phase and semisolid agarosetechniques. The anti-ECF antibody producing clones were maintained andgrown in volume using HAT-containing DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle'smedium), using protocols known in the art (Harlow and Lane, 1988).

An anti-ECF monoclonal antibody selected by these procedures wasisotyped and documented to be an IgA. It was shown to react with variouspreparations of ECF antigens by Western blot analyses. This monoclonalantibody was coupled to colloidal gold using procedures known in the art(e.g. Julian Beesley, Colloidal Gold, Oxford Press, 1989)

Example 4 Construction of an Assay Kit for Determining Conception Status

A kit was constructed using anti-ECF polyclonal antibodies described inExample 2 bound to a 4.5×0.5 centimeter (cm) strip of Whatman's 5 micronnitrocellulose membrane. Anti-ECF monoclonal antibodies, as described inExample 3, were coupled to colloidal gold to form a conjugate anddeposited on a 2.5 cm×0.5 pad of Whatman's OF-75 material.

The kit was assembled as a lateral flow device by placing the twoantibody-containing strips end-to-end as a 7 cm strip, with the animaltest sample to be introduced to the FO75 pad, i.e. the “sample end”. Asecond pad, made from CHO-17 glass fiber material, was placed at theother end (i.e. the non-sample end) to aid in the wicking of fluid fromthe sample end through the nitrocellulose membrane strip. The anti-ECFpolyclonal antibodies were bound to the membrane in a “Test” band(approximately 0.1 cm in width) located approximately 3.4 cm from thesample end of the strip. A control goat IgG antibody (Sigma, St. Louis,Mo.) was bound in a similarly sized “Control” band located approximately0.5 cm from the anti-ECF polyclonal antibodies, on the side of this banddistal from the sample end.

Example 5 Performing the ECF Assay for “Open” Cows

A serum sample from a cow being tested was introduced as a drop to thestrip kit of Example 4 at the sample end of the strip, approximately 1cm from the end of the strip. Approximately 2–8 drops of blocking bufferis added directly on top of the serum sample, and the liquid is allowedto wick along the strip to the two areas bound with antibodies. Thepresence of a single line on the strip (which would be located at thecontrol band) indicates that the cow is “open”, i.e. the cow has notconceived. The presence of two lines on the strip, located at each ofthe control and test bands, indicates a cow that has conceived.

The assay was performed on 153 cows that had been artificiallyinseminated, and the results of the ECF assay were compared to theresults from veterinary palpation. Of 65 animals shown to be pregnant byveterinary palpation, 53 were positive in the ECF assay. Of 89 animalsdetermined not to be pregnant by palpation, 45 were negative in the ECFassay.

Example 6 Assay for ECF in Humans

Samples were collected from patients who were artificially inseminated.Samples were assayed for the presence of ECF using a urease-anti-ECFconjugate. The following data was collected:

Sampling Time after insemination (in days) Patient No. 0.25 2.0 6.0 12.0Pregnant? 1 .358 .120 .100 .100 no 2 .114 .095 .094 .091 no 3 .103 .099.093 .098 no 4 .103 .096 .100 .095 no 5 .070 .079 .052 .088 no 6 .104.096 .081 .108 no 7 .301 .159 .105 .111 no 8 .104 .106 .094 .101 no 9.102 .098 .092 .058 no 10 .075 .085 .091 .050 no 11 .075 .082 .078 .087no 12 .073 .076 .081 .096 no 13 .079 .081 .078 .078 no 14 1.657 1.6911.674 1.557 yes 15 1.660 1.690 1.708 1.577 yes 16 .087 .070 .087 .088 no17 .074 .078 .075 .077 no 18 .085 .077 .074 .074 no 19 .087 .081 .075.030 no 20 .082 .077 .079 .096 no 21 .084 .079 .074 .075 no 22 .083 .078.078 .077  yes* 23 .087 .088 .090 .078 no 24 .077 .074 .078 .080 noPatient No. 15 aborted at 3 months. *Patient No. 22 aborted at 6 weeks.

Although the present invention has been described with reference tospecific details of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended thatsuch details should be regarded as limitations upon the scope of theinvention except as and to the extent that they are included in theaccompanying claims.

1. An apparatus for detecting early conception factor in a fluid samplefrom a subject, wherein early conception factor has a molecular weightfrom about 190,000 daltons to about 205,000 daltons, comprising: a. abody portion; and b. a support, having thereon an antibody to said earlyconception factor, in contact with the body portion.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the support comprises a material that wicks a fluid. 3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the antibody is conjugated to adetectable moiety.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support hasboth a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody thereon.
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 4, wherein the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are spatiallyseparated on the support.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein thepolyclonal antibody is localized in a band, wherein the band issubstantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the support. 7.The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a means on the body portionfor directing a fluid to the support.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7,wherein the means on the body portion for directing a fluid to thesupport, directs the fluid to a location on the support whereon themonoclonal antibody is located, whereby the sample contacts themonoclonal antibody and the support wicks the monoclonal antibody andthe fluid into contact with the band containing the polyclonal antibody.